GH-48894: [Python][C++] Use base Azure::Core::RequestFailedException instead of final Azure::Storage::StorageException and set minimum nodejs on conda env to 16 for Azurite to work

GH-48894: [Python][C++] Use base Azure::Core::RequestFailedException instead of final Azure::Storage::StorageException and set minimum nodejs on conda env to 16 for Azurite to work #48830