GH-48894: [Python] Set minimum nodejs on conda env to 16 for Azurite to work

[raulcd]

Rationale for this change

nodejs 12 is currently being installed on conda. CI jobs are failing and or segfaulting due to azurite failing with old versions.

2026-01-13T18:32:39.6961900Z #15 [ 9/11] RUN /arrow/ci/scripts/install_azurite.sh
2026-01-13T18:32:39.9624124Z #15 0.417 Node.js version = v12.4.0
2026-01-13T18:32:42.2087322Z #15 2.663 npm WARN deprecated [email protected]: Rimraf versions prior to v4 are no longer supported
2026-01-13T18:32:42.3917601Z #15 2.846 npm WARN deprecated [email protected]: Please upgrade  to version 7 or higher.  Older versions may use Math.random() in certain circumstances, which is known to be problematic.  See https://v8.dev/blog/math-random for details.
2026-01-13T18:32:51.4870197Z #15 11.94 npm WARN deprecated [email protected]: Glob versions prior to v9 are no longer supported
2026-01-13T18:32:51.7035681Z #15 12.01 npm WARN deprecated [email protected]: This module is not supported, and leaks memory. Do not use it. Check out lru-cache if you want a good and tested way to coalesce async requests by a key value, which is much more comprehensive and powerful.
2026-01-13T18:33:02.1406491Z #15 22.59 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/bin/azurite -> /opt/conda/envs/arrow/lib/node_modules/azurite/dist/src/azurite.js
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3841290Z #15 22.60 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/bin/azurite-queue -> /opt/conda/envs/arrow/lib/node_modules/azurite/dist/src/queue/main.js
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3842792Z #15 22.60 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/bin/azurite-blob -> /opt/conda/envs/arrow/lib/node_modules/azurite/dist/src/blob/main.js
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3844216Z #15 22.60 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/bin/azurite-table -> /opt/conda/envs/arrow/lib/node_modules/azurite/dist/src/table/main.js
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3846002Z #15 22.66 npm WARN [email protected] requires a peer of applicationinsights-native-metrics@* but none is installed. You must install peer dependencies yourself.
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3847278Z #15 22.66 
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3847564Z #15 22.66 + [email protected]
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3848038Z #15 22.66 added 376 packages from 296 contributors in 20.644s
2026-01-13T18:33:02.3848830Z #15 22.69 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/bin/azurite
2026-01-13T18:33:02.8929329Z #15 23.35 /opt/conda/envs/arrow/lib/node_modules/azurite/node_modules/fs-extra/lib/util/async.js:14
2026-01-13T18:33:02.8930231Z #15 23.35         (err) => err ?? new Error('unknown error')
2026-01-13T18:33:02.8930740Z #15 23.35                       ^

What changes are included in this PR?

Pin minimum nodejs version to 16.

Are these changes tested?

Yes on CI.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No

• GitHub Issue: [Python] Conda jobs segfault on Azure tests due to old nodejs version being installed #48894

[raulcd]

@github-actions crossbow submit test-conda-*

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #48894 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[github-actions]

Revision: 3fabe1d

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-cd25c6296c

Task	Status
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-conda-python-3.10
test-conda-python-3.10-hdfs-2.9.2
test-conda-python-3.10-hdfs-3.2.1
test-conda-python-3.10-pandas-1.3.4-numpy-1.21.2
test-conda-python-3.11
test-conda-python-3.11-dask-latest
test-conda-python-3.11-dask-upstream_devel
test-conda-python-3.11-hypothesis
test-conda-python-3.11-pandas-latest-numpy-latest
test-conda-python-3.11-spark-master
test-conda-python-3.12
test-conda-python-3.12-cpython-debug
test-conda-python-3.12-pandas-latest-numpy-1.26
test-conda-python-3.12-pandas-latest-numpy-latest
test-conda-python-3.13
test-conda-python-3.13-pandas-nightly-numpy-nightly
test-conda-python-3.13-pandas-upstream_devel-numpy-nightly
test-conda-python-3.14
test-conda-python-emscripten

[raulcd]

Moving this back to draft to investigate the segfault before fixing the nodejs version.

[raulcd]

@github-actions crossbow submit -g cpp

[github-actions]

Revision: 3ccfdb7

Submitted crossbow builds: ursacomputing/crossbow @ actions-d7c2a57735

Task	Status
example-cpp-minimal-build-static
example-cpp-minimal-build-static-system-dependency
example-cpp-tutorial
test-build-cpp-fuzz
test-conda-cpp
test-conda-cpp-valgrind
test-debian-12-cpp-amd64
test-debian-12-cpp-i386
test-debian-experimental-cpp-gcc-15
test-fedora-42-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-20
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-bundled
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-emscripten
test-ubuntu-22.04-cpp-no-threading
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-bundled-offline
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-13-bundled
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-gcc-14
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-minimal-with-formats
test-ubuntu-24.04-cpp-thread-sanitizer