Add Bird Fancier's Lung

references_cache/DOI_10.14740_jmc2928e.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.14740/jmc2928e"
+title: "Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: A Woman With Chronic Dyspnea"
+authors:
+- Naketa Chand
+- Krishna Gollamudi
+- Zuha’a Khan
+- Roohab Shaikh
+journal: Journal of Medical Cases
+year: '2017'
+doi: 10.14740/jmc2928e
+content_type: unavailable
+---
+
+# Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: A Woman With Chronic Dyspnea
+**Authors:** Naketa Chand, Krishna Gollamudi, Zuha’a Khan, Roohab Shaikh
+**Journal:** Journal of Medical Cases (2017)
+**DOI:** [10.14740/jmc2928e](https://doi.org/10.14740/jmc2928e)
+
+## Content

references_cache/DOI_10.3390_ijms24032884.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.3390/ijms24032884"
+title: Immunopathological Mechanisms of Bird-Related Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
+authors:
+- Silvia Sánchez-Díez
+- María Jesús Cruz
+- Miquel de Homdedeu
+- Iñigo Ojanguren
+- Christian Romero-Mesones
+- Irene Sansano
+- Xavier Muñoz
+journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
+year: '2023'
+doi: 10.3390/ijms24032884
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Immunopathological Mechanisms of Bird-Related Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
+**Authors:** Silvia Sánchez-Díez, María Jesús Cruz, Miquel de Homdedeu, Iñigo Ojanguren, Christian Romero-Mesones, Irene Sansano, Xavier Muñoz
+**Journal:** International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2023)
+**DOI:** [10.3390/ijms24032884](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032884)
+
+## Content
+
+Bird-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis (BRHP) is an interstitial lung disease induced by avian proteins. The immunopathological pathways involved in the disease are still unknown. This study assesses the cellular immune response and the cytokine pattern in a mouse model of BRHP. On days −3 and −1, mice were intraperitoneally sensitized with commercial pigeon serum (PS) or saline. Intranasal instillations with PS or saline were carried out on three consecutive days/week over either 3 weeks (Group 1) or 12 weeks (Group 2). Leukocyte and cytokine patterns in lung tissue and pulmonary inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were analysed. Both groups presented increases in resident monocytes, interstitial macrophages and type 2 dendritic cells (DCs), but also reductions in inflammatory monocytes, alveolar macrophages and tolerogenic DCs compared with their control groups. Group 1 had increased levels of eosinophils and T cells with reductions in neutrophils and B cells, while Group 2 showed high levels of B cells. Both groups exhibited increases in Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Group 2 also showed increased levels of IL-23, a Th17 cytokine. Increased levels of neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes were observed in BAL samples of both groups compared with controls. In the first stages of BRHP, there is a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response, while during the progression of the disease, although there is a Th1 response, the cytokine levels seem to indicate a switch towards a Th2/Th17 mixed response.

references_cache/GEO_GSE150910.md

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+---
+reference_id: "GEO:GSE150910"
+title: RNA-Sequencing of Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis compared with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Control Lung
+content_type: summary
+---
+
+# RNA-Sequencing of Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis compared with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Control Lung
+
+## Content
+
+Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP) is caused by an immune response to antigen inhalation and is characterized by variable histopathological and clinical features. A subset of CHP subjects have usual interstitial pneumonia and appear to be clinically similar to subjects with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, the molecular relationship between CHP and IPF is not well understood. We report an RNA-seq based transcriptomic analysis for whole lung tissues from CHP, IPF and control subjects.

references_cache/GEO_GSE271789.md

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+---
+reference_id: "GEO:GSE271789"
+title: Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Novel Immune Perturbations in Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
+content_type: summary
+---
+
+# Single-Cell Analysis Reveals Novel Immune Perturbations in Fibrotic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
+
+## Content
+
+Rationale: Fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a debilitating interstitial lung disease driven by incompletely understood immune mechanisms. Objectives: To elucidate immune aberrations in fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis in single-cell resolution. Methods: Single-cell 5’ RNA sequencing was conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and bronchoalveolar lavage cells obtained from 45 patients with fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, 63 idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 4 non-fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and 36 healthy controls in the United States and Mexico. Analyses included differential gene expression (Seurat), transcription factor activity imputation (DoRothEA-VIPER), and trajectory analyses (Monocle3/Velocyto-scVelo-CellRank). Measurements and Main Results: Overall, 501,534 peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 110 patients and controls and 88,336 bronchoalveolar lavage cells from 19 patients were profiled. Compared to controls, fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis has elevated classical monocytes (adjusted-p=2.5e-3) and are enriched in CCL3hi/CCL4hi and S100Ahi classical monocytes (adjusted-p<2.2e-16). Trajectory analyses demonstrate that S100Ahi classical monocytes differentiate into SPP1hi lung macrophages associated with fibrosis. Compared to both controls and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis patient cells are significantly enriched in GZMhi cytotoxic T cells. These cells exhibit transcription factor activities indicative of TGFb and TNFa/NFkB pathways. These results are publicly available at https://ildimmunecellatlas.org. Conclusions: Single-cell transcriptomics of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis patients uncovered novel immune perturbations, including previously undescribed increases in GZMhi cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells – reflecting this disease’s unique inflammatory T-cell driven nature – as well as increased S100Ahi and CCL3hi/CCL4hi classical monocytes also observed in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Both cell populations may guide the development of new biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.

references_cache/PMID_1053441.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:1053441"
+title: "Pigeon breeders' disease--a prevalence study and review."
+authors:
+- Christensen LT
+- Schmidt CD
+- Robbins L
+journal: Clin Allergy
+year: '1975'
+doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01881.x
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Pigeon breeders' disease--a prevalence study and review.
+**Authors:** Christensen LT, Schmidt CD, Robbins L
+**Journal:** Clin Allergy (1975)
+**DOI:** [10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01881.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01881.x)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Clin Allergy. 1975 Dec;5(4):417-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01881.x.
+
+Pigeon breeders' disease--a prevalence study and review.
+
+Christensen LT, Schmidt CD, Robbins L.
+
+Among fifty-three Salt Lake City, Utah area pigeon fanciers, 21% were found to 
+have the clinical picture of pigeon breeders' disease. This is a much higher 
+frequency than has been observed previously. Abnormal spirometry and increased 
+skin reactivity to pigeon sera were found more often, statistically 
+significantly, in symptomatic than in exposed asymptomatic fanciers. Pigeon 
+breeders' disease is associated with a variety of abnormal findings; skin test, 
+precipitins, pulmonary function changes and radiographic derangements; but 
+unfortunately none of these are diagnostic. Pigeon breeders' disease is best 
+identified by clinical criteria.
+
+DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01881.x
+PMID: 1053441 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

references_cache/PMID_11131880.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:11131880"
+title: "[A misleading form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis]."
+authors:
+- Gainet M
+- Chaudemanche H
+- Westeel V
+- Lounici A
+- Dubiez A
+- Depierre A
+- Dalphin JC
+journal: Rev Mal Respir
+year: '2000'
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# [A misleading form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis].
+**Authors:** Gainet M, Chaudemanche H, Westeel V, Lounici A, Dubiez A, Depierre A, Dalphin JC
+**Journal:** Rev Mal Respir (2000)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Rev Mal Respir. 2000 Nov;17(5):987-9.
+
+[A misleading form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis].
+
+[Article in French]
+
+Gainet M(1), Chaudemanche H, Westeel V, Lounici A, Dubiez A, Depierre A, Dalphin 
+JC.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Service de Pneumologie, CHU, bd Fleming, 25000 Besançon.
+
+A 47-year-old woman, without significant past medical history, presented an 
+acute dyspnea with hypoxia, marked pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and 
+signs of right heart failure. Chest x-ray showed a moderate dilatation of the 
+right heart cavities. Pulmonary embolism was suggested. After detailed 
+questioning and complete explorations, a bird hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) 
+was demonstrated. This case illustrates a misleading presentation of an acute 
+form of HP consisting of apparently isolated PAH.
+
+PMID: 11131880 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

references_cache/PMID_11404606.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 ---
-reference_id: PMID:11404606
+reference_id: "PMID:11404606"
 title: "The silent sinus syndrome: a case series and literature review."
 authors:
 - Vander Meer JB

references_cache/PMID_12839317.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:12839317"
+title: "Clinical features of recurrent and insidious chronic bird fancier's lung."
+authors:
+- Ohtani Y
+- Saiki S
+- Sumi Y
+- Inase N
+- Miyake S
+- Costabel U
+- Yoshizawa Y
+journal: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol
+year: '2003'
+doi: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61863-7
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Clinical features of recurrent and insidious chronic bird fancier's lung.
+**Authors:** Ohtani Y, Saiki S, Sumi Y, Inase N, Miyake S, Costabel U, Yoshizawa Y
+**Journal:** Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol (2003)
+**DOI:** [10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61863-7](https://doi.org/10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61863-7)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003 Jun;90(6):604-10. doi: 
+10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61863-7.
+
+Clinical features of recurrent and insidious chronic bird fancier's lung.
+
+Ohtani Y(1), Saiki S, Sumi Y, Inase N, Miyake S, Costabel U, Yoshizawa Y.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
+
+Comment in
+    Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2003 Jun;90(6):579-80. doi: 
+10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61857-1.
+
+BACKGROUND: Chronic bird fancier's lung (BFL) can be subgrouped into two types. 
+One subgroup of patients develops interstitial pulmonary fibrosis after 
+recurrent acute episodes (recurrent BFL), and the other subgroup of patients has 
+no history of acute episodes but has slowly progressive chronic respiratory 
+disease (insidious BFL).
+OBJECTIVE: To define the clinical characteristics of both types of BFL and to 
+provide clues for diagnosis.
+METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of the medical records of patients 
+with chronic BFL who were evaluated between October 1992 and March 2001 at the 
+Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital in Japan. Patients were evaluated 
+for their clinical characteristics, including history, laboratory, and 
+immunologic findings; imaging; bronchoalveolar lavage; and histologic findings.
+RESULTS: Thirty-two patients with chronic BFL were included in this study; 15 
+patients had recurrent BFL and 17 had insidious BFL. The patients with recurrent 
+BFL tended to breed dozens of pigeons in a loft, whereas the patients with 
+insidious BFL were likely to be exposed to smaller birds kept indoors. Specific 
+antibodies against pigeon dropping extracts or budgerigar dropping extracts were 
+positive in 87% of the recurrent BFL cases and 35% of the insidious BFL cases. 
+Antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation was positive in more than 90% of both 
+groups. The upper lung field was frequently involved in both groups as 
+demonstrated by chest radiographic findings. In all of the patients with 
+insidious BFL, the diagnosis was confirmed by positive laboratory-controlled 
+inhalation test results.
+CONCLUSIONS: Insidious BFL may be misdiagnosed as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 
+if a careful history is not taken and antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation, 
+careful imaging evaluation, and laboratory-controlled inhalation challenge 
+testing are not conducted. In contrast, the clinical findings of recurrent BFL 
+are consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by other antigens.
+
+DOI: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61863-7
+PMID: 12839317 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

references_cache/PMID_14503346.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:14503346"
+title: "[A case of acute bird fancier's lung caused by feather duvet]."
+authors:
+- Kondo K
+- Inase N
+- Ohtani Y
+- Sumi Y
+- Umino T
+- Usui Y
+- Yoshizawa Y
+journal: Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi
+year: '2003'
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# [A case of acute bird fancier's lung caused by feather duvet].
+**Authors:** Kondo K, Inase N, Ohtani Y, Sumi Y, Umino T, Usui Y, Yoshizawa Y
+**Journal:** Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi (2003)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2003 Aug;41(8):569-72.
+
+[A case of acute bird fancier's lung caused by feather duvet].
+
+[Article in Japanese]
+
+Kondo K(1), Inase N, Ohtani Y, Sumi Y, Umino T, Usui Y, Yoshizawa Y.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Pulmonary Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University.
+
+A 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of cough and low-grade 
+fever for 2 months and shortness of breath for 2 weeks. She had raised two 
+budgerigars for the last 15 years and had been using a feather duvet for one 
+year. A chest radiograph showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lung 
+fields, and a chest CT scan showed centrilobular micronodules and ground-glass 
+opacities. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) revealed a marked increase in 
+lymphocytes, and a transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB) specimen showed alveolitis 
+due to the infiltration of mononuclear cells. Since she had specific antibodies 
+against pigeon and budgerigar dropping extracts and her peripheral blood 
+lymphocytes proliferated on addition of pigeon serum, she was diagnosed as 
+having bird fancier's lung (BFL). She was treated with steroids, which brought 
+about a marked improvement. After she visited her husband who had been 
+hospitalized where a feather duvet was provided for each patient, both 
+subjective and objective findings deteriorated. This deterioration was 
+preventable when she wore a protective mask for micro-dust while visiting her 
+husband. The feather duvets seemed to induce acute BFL in this case, though 
+raising budgerigars may well be related to her sensitization with bird-related 
+antigens.
+
+PMID: 14503346 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

references_cache/PMID_21870048.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:21870048"
+title: "Bird fancier's lung: a state-of-the-art review."
+authors:
+- Chan AL
+- Juarez MM
+- Leslie KO
+- Ismail HA
+- Albertson TE
+journal: Clin Rev Allergy Immunol
+year: '2012'
+doi: 10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Bird fancier's lung: a state-of-the-art review.
+**Authors:** Chan AL, Juarez MM, Leslie KO, Ismail HA, Albertson TE
+**Journal:** Clin Rev Allergy Immunol (2012)
+**DOI:** [10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2012 Aug;43(1-2):69-83. doi: 
+10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y.
+
+Bird fancier's lung: a state-of-the-art review.
+
+Chan AL(1), Juarez MM, Leslie KO, Ismail HA, Albertson TE.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of 
+California at Davis, School of Medicine and VA Northern California Health Care 
+System, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. andrew.chan@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
+
+Bird fancier's lung (BFL) resulting from avian antigen exposure is a very common 
+form of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Its pathogenesis is modified by genetic 
+polymorphisms located within the major histocompatibility complex, and also by 
+smoking, which may decrease serum antibody response to inhaled antigen. Acute, 
+subacute, and chronic presentations of BFL are recognized, but often overlap 
+clinically. Continued antigen exposure in the chronic phase portends a worse 
+prognosis. Chronic bronchitis symptoms may be part of the BFL clinical spectrum, 
+and rhinitis may suggest an allergic component. The diagnosis of BFL is enhanced 
+by a high index of suspicion of exposure to avian antigen, recurrent symptomatic 
+episodes occurring 4-8 h after exposure, inspiratory "velcro" crackles on 
+auscultation, weight loss, and positive IgG precipitins to the antigen. 
+Characteristic findings on high-resolution computed tomography of the chest 
+include centrilobular nodules, ground-glass opacification, and mosaicism due to 
+air trapping. Bronchoalveolar lavage will classically show >25% lymphocytosis, a 
+CD4/CD8 ratio of <1.0 and >1% mast cells in the acute phase. Lung biopsies, if 
+obtained in the subacute phase of the disease, typically show loosely formed 
+granulomas, giant cells, a lymphoplasmacytic interstitial infiltrate, and 
+possibly some degree of fibrosis. In some patients, usual interstitial pneumonia 
+or fibrotic non-specific interstitial pneumonia patterns may be seen on surgical 
+biopsy. Skin testing, serological testing, and bronchial provocation tests for 
+BFL frequently suffer from a lack of standardization. Effective treatment for 
+BFL consists mainly of antigen avoidance, as corticosteroids likely do not alter 
+long-term prognosis. Lung transplantation can be considered for progressive 
+chronic disease refractory to medical measures.
+
+DOI: 10.1007/s12016-011-8282-y
+PMID: 21870048 [Indexed for MEDLINE]